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Salaries in Psychology 2003
Report of the 2003 APA
Salary Survey
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William E.Pate II, Jessica L. Frincke, and Jessica L.
Kohout
APA Research Office -- May 2005
Table of Contents
(All tables and figures are in pdf format and need to
be viewed in Abode
Acrobat Reader.
To download a free copy go to http://www.adobe.com/prodindex/acrobat/readstep.html) Acknowledgements
Introduction
1.
Faculty Positions
2.
Educational Administration
3.
Research Positions
4.
Research Administration
Direct
Human Service Positions
9.
Administration of Human Services
10.
Applied Psychology (Industrial/Organizational)
11.
Applied Psychology (Other Psychology)
12.
Administration of Applied Psychology
13.
Other Administrative Positions
14.
Master's-level Positions
15.
Doctoral-level Salaries by Sex, Race/Ethnicity and Years of Experience
16.
Doctoral-level Salaries for Selected Positions, Regions, Cities, and
States
References
Appendix
A
Appendix
B
Appendix
C
List
of Tables
List
of Figures
Acknowledgements
This report is produced by the Research Office in the Central
Programs of the American Psychological Association (APA). We are grateful for
the support of Norman B. Anderson, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer of
the APA and
L. Michael Honaker, Ph.D., Chief Operating Officer/Deputy Chief Executive Officer.
We would also like to give
recognition to those who assisted with various aspects of this project. We would
like to thank Ashraf Alnajjar, Aisha Asby, Elizabeth L. (Beth) Bodnar, and
Tamara Washington.
Most importantly, we would like to thank those
members of the Association who took the time to respond to the survey as well
as for their many comments on the survey itself and on their own employment
experiences. These comments help us to revise and update the survey as needed
and keep us aware of changes occurring in the employment of psychological
personnel. The APA's ability to provide current national data on the salaries
of
psychologists hinges on their participation.
(back to table of contents)
Introduction
The 2003 Salaries in Psychology report represents the thirteenth
volume in the series and over twenty years of effort by the American
Psychological Association to gather salary data on psychological personnel. The
survey was initiated in 1981, in response to increasing requests for current
national salary data. As has been the case in past reports, selected summary
statistics are presented for current salaries of APA members who are working
full time in a variety of positions and, where there is a sufficient number of
responses (N=5), for individual employment settings within a position. For
doctoral-level respondents, salary data are presented by position, employment
setting, median years since doctorate, and by sex, race/ethnicity, and
geographic region. Salary breakdowns for master’s-level respondents are by
position, employment setting, and median years since degree only. Master’s-level
salary breakdowns are sparser due to an insufficient number of master’s-level
respondents, causing the data to be less representative of this group.
The data represent (1) salaries for individuals who are employed full
time (at least 35 hours per week in salaried positions), (2) net income after
office expenses for self-employed individuals who are working at least 35 hours
per week, and (3) net income for individuals with a full time (at least 32 hours
per week) independent practice. Because many psychologists have additional
sources of income from multiple work activities and settings, these data may not
represent total income.
Method
Individuals were eligible for inclusion in the study if they had
indicated full time employment in the Membership Directory database, were
under
65 years of age, and were U.S. residents. Using a stratified random sample of
20,000 APA members, participants were recruited in June, 2003. Those with
a
viable email address on file (N = 12,779) were sent an email solicitation
directing them to an online version of the survey. Members without an email
address (N = 7,221) were mailed a paper form of the survey instrument with
cover letter asking them to participate in the study.
The online and
paper versions of the questionnaire (see Appendix A) requested the following
information: employment setting, type of position, hours per week spent in the
position, total years of work experience, total annual earned income, full time
salary or net income, ZIP Code of employment setting, and demographic
information. In order for nonrespondents to be tracked, the survey was not
anonymous. Reminders were sent to nonrespondents in July, 2003 in the form of an
email for those in the online group and a postcard for those in the paper form
group. A final reminder letter and survey were mailed in August, 2003 to all
nonrespondents.
A total of 9,228 members responded to the survey. Of
that total, 8,773 were employed and provided some data on employment setting,
position, and other relevant variables. Surveys were excluded if the respondent
failed to provide accurate data on variables (e.g., level of degree, employment
status and employment setting) required to conduct specific analyses for data
tables and statistics within the salaries report. Ninety-five percent (N =
6,242) of the 6,551 eligible respondents were at the doctoral level and were
employed full time, while 5% (N = 297) were at the master's level and were
employed full time.
Organization of the Report
The report is divided into 16 sections. The first 13 of these
provide salary data for a specific type of position at the doctoral level. The
sections are as follows:
1. Faculty
Positions
2. Educational Administration
3. Research Positions
4. Administration of Research
5. Direct Human Services - Clinical (licensed)
6. Direct Human Services - Counseling
(licensed)
7. Direct Human Services - School
(licensed)
8. Direct Human Services - Other
Psychological Subfields (licensed)
9.
Administration of Human Services
10. Applied
Psychology (Industrial/Organizational)
11.
Applied Psychology (Other Psychological Subfields)
12. Administration of Applied Psychology
13. Other Administrative Positions
14. Master's-level Respondents
15. Doctoral-level Salaries by Sex,
Race/Ethnicity and Years of Experience
16.
Doctoral-level Salaries for Selected Positions, Regions, Cities, and States
Salaries for the three major health service provider subfields
(clinical, counseling, and school) are presented separately, in Sections 5, 6,
and 7, in addition to Section 8, for respondents involved in the provision of
direct human services in "other psychological subfields." Only licensed
psychologists are included in these positions. Salaries for "applied psychology
positions" are presented separately for industrial/organizational and other
subfields of psychology. All data for master's-level respondents are reported
in Section 14 of the report due to the relatively small number of respondents
at this level.
For both doctoral- and master's-level respondents, data
are presented separately for each position. Salary data for faculty positions
(Section 1) are broken down by academic rank. For all other positions, salaries
are reported by years of experience: 0-1; 2-4; 5-9; 10-14; 15-19; 20-24; 25-29;
and 30 years or more. In many instances, the number of respondents in the "0-1"
category is too small to report detailed information, primarily because many
psychologists do not join APA until a year or two after they receive their
degree. More extensive information on starting salaries is available in the
report of the results of APA's 2001
Doctorate Employment Survey (e.g., Kohout and Wicherski, 2004), which can be
found at http://research.apa.org/des01.html.
Each section begins with a description of the position. The first
“figure” in each section gives frequency distributions and summary statistics
for salaries of respondents. These summary statistics include percentiles,
medians, means and standard deviations. No statistics are reported when the N is
less than 5.
Where there were a sufficient number of respondents,
salaries are presented for specific employment settings for a particular
position.
Appendix
A contains a complete listing of these settings in the survey instrument. In
these cases, each section presents summary statistics for doctoral-level
respondents employed in specific settings, broken down by academic rank or years
of work experience. Medians, means, quartiles, and standard deviations are
reported.
Respondents provided 11-12-month salaries for most positions,
and they are reported in this manner. The exception to this is "Faculty
Positions" in Section 1, where salaries are reported on a 9-10-month basis.
Caveats
Readers should be aware of the possible sources of error when using
the information from this report. Eligibility for inclusion was based partially
on data provided by APA members in 2002. There may have been changes between the
collection of membership data and the selection of the sample for the Salary
Survey from these data one year later. Furthermore, some members were excluded
because they did not report employment data or reported inaccurate employment
data.
An overall response rate of 46.2% was obtained for the 2003 Salary Survey (48.5% from the email group and 56.0% from the paper form group). The
Salary Survey was originally anonymous but this was changed in 1989 to allow
follow-up mailings to nonrespondents in an effort to boost the response rate.
Appendix
C contains a summary of the characteristics of the population from which the
sample was drawn, and of respondents and nonrespondents. This table provides
some idea of the degree of non-respondent bias (i.e., whether those who
responded differed greatly from those who did not) and how representative the
sample is of the population from which it was drawn.
Data in
Appendix
C indicate that respondents and nonrespondents were quite similar with
respect to major field, highest degree earned, licensure/certification status,
gender, and distribution by region. Differences, where they existed, were not
substantive. The population is overwhelmingly doctoral level, but attempts were
made to augment the representation of respondents at the master's level by
deliberately including all eligible master's-level APA members in the sample.
This effort was successful in that 4.5% of the survey respondents were at the
master's level compared to just over 7.6% representation among the eligible
membership.
The number of respondents in some categories is very small
and the statistics reported should be viewed with caution. This is particularly
the case for the salaries of master's-level respondents. In addition, the number
of respondents reported in the summary statistics may differ from the number of
respondents reported in the figures because in some instances, respondents may
have failed to provide complete information on all variables. For example,
Figure 2 presents information on 185 respondents while the accompanying text
reports on 190. This is because ‘years since doctorate’ information was not
available for five of the respondents.
Salary data in this report are
based on a nationwide sample. For locations where the cost of living differs
significantly from the national average, salaries would be expected to vary
accordingly. Tables 16.A through 16.D present information on salaries by region,
selected cities, and for selected states.
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Faculty Positions
As is typically the case, doctoral-level respondents in faculty positions
comprised one of the largest groups of respondents to this survey (N=1,850).
Incumbents in these positions primarily were involved in university settings
(60%), specifically university psychology departments (37%), university education
departments (8%), other academic departments in universities (7%), university
business departments (4%), other university settings (2%), and university research
centers (1%). Thirteen percent were employed in four-year college settings,
while 11% were employed in medical school settings. Two-year colleges and professional
schools (university affiliated, free standing, and other professional schools)
were represented at 3% each.
The largest single proportion of doctoral faculty identified clinical psychology
as their major subfield (20%). Social psychology and developmental psychology
were represented at 13% each. This was followed by counseling (7%), industrial/organizational
(6%), experimental (5%), educational (5%), cognitive (4%), school (3%) and
health (3%) psychology.
Frequency distributions and summary statistics are presented for doctoral-level
faculty in Figure
1. The data are reported by academic rank: full professor, associate
professor, assistant professor, lecturer/instructor, and other faculty positions.
Table
1 contains salary information in specific employment settings by rank.
Faculty salaries typically are reported on a 9-10-month basis and the salaries
reported in Table
1 reflect this academic schedule. Conversely, faculty in research centers
or institutes or medical and professional schools are often paid on an 11-12-month
basis. The 9-10-month salaries can be converted to their 11-12-month equivalents
by multiplying the reported salaries by 11/9.
The overall median 9-10-month faculty salary was $62,000 in 2003, based on
1,809 valid responses. Graduate faculty salaries are examined in more detail
in the report, 2003-2004
Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology (Wicherski,
Washington, and Kohout, 2004). In addition, medical school faculty salaries
are described at length in the Report of the 2003
Medical School/Academic Medical Center Psychologists Employment Survey (Pate
and Kohout, 2004). Both reports include salary breakdowns by years of experience,
academic rank, geographic region, and other categories, and can be found at
APA’s Research Office website http://research.apa.org.
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Educational Administration
Educational administration refers to administrative positions in
college or university settings (e.g., president, provost, or dean). These individuals
may also hold a faculty appointment. Department chairs, however, are excluded
from this category; their salaries are reported by academic rank in Section
1. The category also includes school superintendents or other administrative
positions related to education.
Of the 190 doctoral-level respondents in this category, 29% were employed in
university administrative offices. Nine percent could be found in school system
district offices, followed by university/college counseling centers (6%). Five
percent each claimed four-year college administrative offices, two-year colleges,
or professional schools of psychology as their primary place of employment.
Similar proportions of respondents were employed in other university settings,
university psychology departments, and university education departments (4%
each). Three percent each were located in elementary/secondary schools or other
types of university academic departments. Two percent or fewer of respondents
reported settings such as other medical school departments, other educational
settings, university business departments, and university research centers
as their primary employment setting.
Figure
2 presents the summary statistics and frequency distributions for the
doctoral-level respondents in this category. Table
2 presents 11-12-month salaries by years of experience and employment
setting.
The largest single proportion of educational administrators claimed clinical
psychology as their major subfield (16%), followed by counseling (15%), school
(11%), educational (11%), developmental (8%), industrial/organizational (8%),
and social (6%) psychology.
Doctoral-level respondents in educational administration reported a median
11-12-month salary of $97,000 in 2003, based on 185 valid responses.
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Research Positions
There were 289 respondents who worked full time in research positions
in the 2003 Salary Survey. Activities associated with research positions include
basic or applied research, such as non-faculty positions in academic settings,
employment as an investigator in a laboratory or a research institute, and
research positions in private industry.
The largest single proportion of respondents was employed in private research
organizations (12%). This was followed by university research centers, medical
school psychiatry departments, and government research organizations (9% each).
Another 8% percent of respondents were found in university psychology departments.
The most typical major subfields of respondents were clinical (20%), developmental
psychology (11%), social psychology (10%), industrial/organizational psychology
(7%), health psychology (7%), and educational psychology (6%). Quantitative/math/psychometrics
and experimental psychology were each represented at 5%.
The summary statistics and frequency distributions for research positions are
presented in Figure
3. Summary statistics for 11-12-month salaries by years of work experience
and employment setting are presented in Table
3.
The overall median 11-12-month salary in 2003 for doctoral-level respondents
in research positions was $78,000, based on 282 valid responses.
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Research Administration
There were 146 full time, doctoral-level research administrators
who responded to the 2003 Salary Survey. These positions involve the management
or administration of a research organization or program. Although individuals
employed in these positions also may be involved in other aspects of the research
process (e.g., design, data collection and analyses), their primary responsibility
is managing research, including the supervision of research personnel. Summary
statistics and frequency distributions are presented in Table
4 and Figure
4, respectively.
The largest single proportion of respondents in this category reported working
as administrators in university research centers and government research organizations
(12% each). This was followed by private research organizations (11%), business/industry
(10%), other non-profit organizations (9%), consulting firms (5%), and federal
government settings (5%).
About 1/4 of respondents in this category indicated clinical psychology as
their major subfield (24%), followed by industrial/organizational (9%), developmental
(8%), social (8%), and counseling (6%) psychology. Educational, experimental,
and health psychology were represented at 5% each.
The overall 11-12-month median salary in 2003 for doctoral respondents in research
administration was $95,000. Overall median salary was based on 146 valid responses.
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Direct Human Service Positions
Direct Human Services - Clinical
Twelve hundred-nineteen doctoral-level respondents were licensed,
claimed clinical psychology as their major field, and were involved in the
direct delivery of health and mental health services to clients in 2003.
The majority of these respondents was employed in practices (60%), including
individual private practices, group private practices, and medical psychological
group practices (44%, 12%, and 5%, respectively). Approximately 13% and 6%
of respondents reported that they worked in hospitals and clinics (e.g., CMHCs,
HMOs, outpatient clinics), respectively.
The overall 11-12-month median salary for licensed doctoral-level clinical
psychologists was $75,000 in 2003, based on 1,154 valid responses. Figure
5 and Table
5 contain frequency distributions and summary statistics, respectively.
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Direct Human Services - Counseling
Two hundred ninety-six respondents were licensed and indicated that
they were involved in the delivery of human services at the doctoral level
in counseling psychology.
Over half of the respondents were located in a practice setting (51%) comprising
individual private practitioners (38%), group psychological practitioners (8%),
and medical psychological group practitioners (5%). Sixteen percent claimed
university/college counseling centers as their primary employment setting.
Nine percent and 7% of the responding psychologists in this category were located
in hospital settings and clinics (e.g., CMHCs, HMOs, outpatient clinics), respectively.
The overall 11-12-month median salary in 2003 for licensed doctoral-level counseling
psychologists was $65,000. Overall median salary was based on 273 valid responses.
Frequency distributions and summary statistics can be found in Figure
6 and Table
6, respectively.
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Direct Human Services - School
One hundred-eleven respondents fit this category. As expected, the
largest single proportion of school psychologists was employed in a pre-college
educational setting. Specifically, 49% could be found in elementary and secondary
schools (38%) or school system district offices (11%). The next largest proportion
of respondents (28%) reported working in practices; including individual private
practices, group psychological practices, and medical psychological group practices
(19%, 7%, and 2%, respectively). Thirteen percent reported other educational
settings (vocational school or special education) as their primary place of
employment.
The overall 11-12-month salary for licensed doctoral-level respondents providing
school psychology services was $78,000 in 2003, based on 107 valid responses.
Frequency distributions and summary statistics can be found in Figure
7 and Table
7, respectively. School psychologist salaries are examined in more
detail in the report, School Psychology
2000: Average Salary Data (Thomas, 2002).
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Direct Human Services - Other Psychological Subfields
There were 219 respondents in this category. Respondents were licensed
and involved in the delivery of health/mental health services to client populations,
but not in one of the three standard health service provider subfields (i.e.,
clinical, counseling, or school psychology). The largest proportions of these
respondents identified health psychology and rehabilitation (11% each) as their
major subfield. This was followed by developmental psychology (10%), neuroscience
(9%), and educational psychology (8%). An additional 10% of respondents did
not specify their major subfield.
Overall, 43% of respondents in this category were employed in a practice setting.
Specifically, 30% were found in individual private practices, followed by medical
psychological practices (7%), and group psychological practices (6%). Seventeen
percent were located in hospitals. Elementary or secondary schools and school
district offices employed about 9% of the respondents in this category. Six
percent of respondents were found in rehabilitation facilities. CMHCs, HMOs,
and outpatient clinics, collectively employed about 5% of respondents in this
group. Data for these psychologists are presented in Figure
8 and Table
8.
The overall median 11-12-month salary in 2003 for licensed doctoral-level respondents
in this category was $75,500 in 2003, based on 206 valid responses.
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Administration of Human Services
Section 9 contains salary information for positions involving the
administration of human services. That is, positions that involve managing
or directing a program of human services. Although these individuals may be
involved in the delivery of services, their primary responsibility is the administration
of such activities, including the supervision of personnel. Salaries for the
510 respondents in this position are reported in Figure
9 and Table
9.
As might be expected, most of the psychologists in the administration of human
services were employed in organized settings (37%). Specifically 19% of respondents
were employed in clinics (CMHCs, HMOs, and outpatient clinics) and 18% were
found in hospitals. Twelve percent claimed university or college counseling
centers as their primary work setting, followed by other human service settings
and criminal justice systems (8% each).
The single largest proportion of respondents indicated clinical psychology
as their major field (54%), followed by counseling psychology (20%).
The overall median 11-12-month salary in 2003 for health service administrators
at the doctoral level was $75,000, based on 494 valid responses.
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Applied Psychology - Industrial/Organizational
This section presents the salaries of those respondents whose positions
may be called applied psychology (e.g., personnel selection, assessment, systems
or equipment design, organizational consultation, analysis or training) and
whose current major field is industrial/organizational psychology. Salaries
for the 176 doctoral-level respondents are described in Figure
10 and Table
10.
Of the doctoral-level respondents in this category, the largest proportions
were employed in consulting firms (38%) followed by business and industry settings
(33%). Six percent were self-employed, 5% were employed in a government agency,
and 4% worked as independent consultants.
The overall median 11-12-month salary for doctoral-level industrial/organizational
psychologists in 2003 was $105,000, based on 169 valid responses. The standard
deviation ($76,630) is large for this group, indicating substantial variation
around the mean of $130,059. Salaries of doctoral-level industrial/organizational
psychologists are also examined by degree, age, gender, and salary change across
years in the salary report by the Society for Industrial/Organizational Psychologists
(SIOP) entitled, 2003 Income and
Employment Survey Results For The Society for Industrial and Organizational
Psychology (Medsker, Katkowski, and Furr, 2005).
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Applied Psychology - Other Psychology
Individuals whose positions may best be described as applied psychology
and whose current major field is one other than industrial/organizational psychology
are included in this section. Typically, these individuals are engaged in organizational
consultation, marketing research, systems/equipment design, or other applied
psychology activities. There were 115 doctoral-level respondents in these positions
in 2003 and their salaries are reported in Figure
11 and Table
11.
The largest proportions of respondents were located in consulting firms (21%)
and business/industry settings (18%), while 12% worked in practices (individual
private practices, medical psychological practices, and group psychological
practices). Seven percent claimed government (federal, state, and local) agencies
as their primary employment setting, while 6% were self-employed and 4% worked
as independent consultants.
Clinical psychology was the most frequently mentioned major field (30%) for
this group. This was followed by counseling psychology (9%), business/management
(7%), organizational behavior (7%), and social psychology (6%). Five percent
each indicated experimental psychology or quantitative/math/psychometrics/statistics
as their major field.
The overall 11-12-month median salary in 2003 for doctoral-level psychologists
in these positions was $92,500, based on 110 valid responses. The standard
deviation ($136,218) is large for this group, indicating substantial variation
around the mean of $130,750.
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Administration of Applied Psychology
There were 98 respondents in these administrative positions. Administration
of applied psychology includes the management of an organization or program
in applied psychology, such as a firm specializing in market research or in
industrial/organizational psychology. The primary responsibility of individuals
in these positions is the administration of such programs, including the supervision
of personnel. Figure
12 and Table
12 contain salary data on these respondents.
The largest single proportion of these respondents was located in consulting
firms (31%). Sixteen percent were employed in business and industry settings,
while 14% worked in a variety of organized health care settings (e.g., CMHCs,
clinics, guidance centers, and rehabilitation facilities). Hospitals and other
non-profit organizations were represented at 6% each.
The largest group of respondents in this position claimed industrial/organizational
psychology as their major subfield (37%), followed by clinical psychology (17%).
Counseling and school psychology were represented at 9% and 7%, respectively.
The overall median 11-12-month salary for doctoral-level respondents was $110,000
in 2003, based on 96 valid responses. The standard deviation ($113,277) is
large for this group, indicating substantial variation around the mean of $143,344.
Salaries of doctoral-level psychologists (particularly industrial/organizational
psychologists) involved in the administration of applied psychology may also
be found in the salary report by the SIOP entitled, 2003 Income and
Employment Survey Results For The Society for Industrial and Organizational
Psychology (Medsker, Katkowski, and Furr, 2005).
(back to table of contents)
Other Administrative Positions
These positions involve managerial responsibilities in a business,
government agency, or nonprofit association that cannot be described as the
direct administration of educational, research, human services, or other applied
psychology activities. These positions may be related to psychology, such as
administration of government programs related to research funding, management
of programs concerned with psychological issues in a nonprofit association,
or personnel administration. There were 152 respondents at the doctoral level
in 2003.
Among respondents in this category, the largest single proportion was employed
in government agencies (24%), followed by other non-profit organizations (20%),
and business/industry settings (16%). Although scattered across a variety of
settings, most of these respondents could be found outside academia.
Overall, clinical psychology was the most frequently mentioned subfield among
this position (29%). This was followed by industrial/organizational, counseling,
and developmental psychology (14%, 9%, and 7%, respectively). Social psychology
and business/management were represented at 5% each.
The overall 11-12-month median salary for doctoral-level respondents in other
administrative positions was $100,500 in 2003, based on 140 valid responses.
The standard deviation ($74,285) is large for this group, indicating substantial
variation around the mean of $118,786. Figure
13 and Table
13 show salary data for these respondents.
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Master's-level Positions
This section contains salary information on master’s-level respondents,
broken out by position and by years of experience where there are sufficient
numbers of respondents (N=5). Some figures and tables have been omitted because
of a low number of responses. Caution should be exercised when interpreting
the data reported for master’s-level positions with a small N size.
Faculty Positions
There were 16 master’s-level respondents to the 2003 Salary Survey
who were employed full time in faculty positions. The single largest proportion
of these respondents were employed in two-year college settings (N=7), while
1/4 were located in university settings (university psychology departments
and university research centers). Thirteen percent each (N=2) were employed
in four-year college settings or elementary/secondary schools. The single largest
proportion of respondents claimed general/methods and systems as their major
subfield (N=6), followed by developmental psychology (N=3) and industrial/organizational
psychology (N=2). The overall median 9-10-month faculty salary was $43,000
for master’s-level respondents (N=15).
Educational Administration
There were six master’s-level respondents in this position. Of these,
three respondents were employed in school system districts or elementary/secondary
schools. Thirty-three percent (N=2) reported clinical psychology as their major
subfield, while counseling, school, educational, and industrial/organizational
psychology were represented at 17% each (N=1). The overall median 11-12-month
salary at the master’s level was $68,500 for those employed full time in educational
administration (N=6).
Research Positions
Ten master’s-level respondents were employed full time in research
positions in 2003. Respondents were located in a variety of work settings to
include university research centers, business/industry settings, and other
non-profit organizations (N=2 each). Overall, 30% (N=3) of master’s-level respondents
employed in research positions indicated quantitative/math/psychometrics/statistics
as their subfield, followed by clinical psychology (N=2). The overall median
11-12-month salary in research positions at the master’s level was $61,000,
based on 10 valid responses.
Administration of Research
Five respondents were in administration of research positions at
the master’s level in 2003. Of these, two respondents each identified individual
private practices or specialized health services as their primary employment
setting. Two respondents each indicated clinical psychology or counseling psychology
as their subfield, while one respondent claimed industrial/organizational psychology.
The overall median 11-12-month salary for master’s-level respondents in administration
of research positions was $57,000 (N=5).
Direct Human Services
Clinical. Thirty-six respondents indicated that
they provided services in clinical psychology at the master’s level. The largest
single proportion of respondents were employed in individual or group practices
(31%). Twenty-two percent (N=8) were employed in CMHCs, specialized health
services, or other human service settings. The overall median 11-12-month salary
was $49,000 for direct human service providers at the master’s level who indicated
clinical psychology as their major subfield (N=34).
Counseling. There were 18 respondents employed in counseling
psychology positions at the master’s level in 2003. Overall, 28% percent (N=5)
were employed in human service settings, that included CMHCs, specialized health
services, and rehabilitation facilities. Another three respondents (17%) were
employed in hospital settings (e.g., public general hospitals, private general
hospitals, and military hospitals). The overall median 11-12-month salary for
a master’s-level position within counseling psychology was $47,500 (N=16).
School. Twenty-two master's-level respondents were involved
in direct human services and claimed school psychology as their major subfield.
Most of the respondents in this category were located in educational settings
(N=19) to include 64% in elementary/secondary school settings, 14% in other
educational settings (e.g. special, or vocational education), and 9% in school
system district offices. The overall median 11-12-month salary for master’s-level
individuals providing school psychology services was $72,500 (N=22).
Other Psychological Subfields
Forty-one master’s-level respondents were involved in direct human
services and were in a subfield other than clinical, counseling psychology,
or school psychology. Twenty-four percent of respondents (N=10) were located
in CMHCs or specialized health services, while 22% were employed in practices
(e.g., individual private practices, group psychological practices, and medical
psychological group practices). Seventeen percent of these respondents (N=7)
identified general/methods and systems as their major subfield, followed by
community psychology (12%). About 1/4 did not specify their major subfield
(24%). The overall median 11-12-month salary for respondents in this category
was $48,000 (N=39).
Administration of Human Services
Eighteen respondents indicated employment in administration of human
services positions in 2003. Over half of the responses (N=10) were split across
a number of human service settings to include public general hospitals, outpatient
clinics, counseling guidance centers, specialized health services, or other
human service settings. The largest proportion of respondents in this type
of position reported counseling psychology as their major subfield (N=5). Two
respondents each claimed clinical, community, school psychology or public administration
as their subfields. The overall 11-12-month median salary for master’s-level
respondents working as human service administrators was $56,500 (N=18).
Applied Psychology Positions (Industrial/Organizational
Psychology)
Forty-seven respondents were located in applied psychology positions
and identified industrial/organizational psychology as their major subfield.
The majority of these respondents were employed outside educational and human
service provider settings. Specifically, 32% percent were employed in business/industry
settings and 30% were employed in consulting firms. Thirteen percent could
be found in government agencies (e.g., federal, state, and local). The overall
median 11-12-month salary for master’s-level respondents in applied (I/O) positions
was $71,000 (N=47). Salaries of master’s-level respondents (particularly industrial/organizational
psychologists) involved in applied psychology may also be found in the salary
report by the SIOP entitled, 2003 Income and
Employment Survey Results For The Society for Industrial and Organizational
Psychology (Medsker, Katkowski, and Furr, 2005).
Applied Psychology Positions (Other Psychological Subfields)
There were 16 respondents identified in this type of position at
the master’s level. The largest single proportion were located in business
and industry settings (N=5). Thirteen percent each (N=2) worked in individual
private practices, were employed in other non-profit organizations, or worked
as independent consultants. The most frequently mentioned major subfield was
counseling psychology (N=4), followed by clinical psychology (N=3). The overall
median 11-12-month salary for master’s-level applied psychology positions in
subfields other than industrial/organizational psychology was $75,000 (N=13).
Administration of Applied Psychology
Nine respondents were employed in this type of position at the master's
level. Of these, four respondents were located in business and industry settings.
All other employment settings were represented at 11% (N=1) or less. The largest
proportion of respondents claimed industrial/organizational psychology as their
major subfield (N=4), followed by community psychology (N=3). The overall median
11-12-month salary was $80,000 for master’s-level respondents in administration
of applied psychology (N=9). Salaries of master’s-level respondents (particularly
industrial/organizational psychologists) involved in the administration of
applied psychology may also be found in the salary report by the SIOP entitled, 2003 Income and
Employment Survey Results For The Society for Industrial and Organizational
Psychology (Medsker, Katkowski, and Furr, 2005).
Other Administrative Positions
Eighteen respondents indicated employment in other administrative
positions (e.g. budgeting, personnel administration). Thirty-three percent
each (N=6) were located in business/industry settings or government agencies
(state and local). The most frequently reported major subfield for respondents
in this category was industrial/organizational psychology (N=6), followed by
general methods/systems and community psychology at 11% each (N=2). The overall
11-12-month median salary for these master’s-level respondents was $58,500
(N=18).
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Doctoral-level Salaries by Sex, Race/Ethnicity,
and Years of Experience
This section presents doctoral-level salaries broken down by gender,
race/ethnicity, and years of experience. Where possible (given sufficient Ns)
the data also have been analyzed by type of position. Some of the categories
have been left blank because there are too few responses on which to base summary
statistics.
Table 15.A presents salary data by years
of work experience and gender. In general, the median salaries of men are higher than those reported by women. However, the disparities
are less pronounced for men and women with less than 10 years of work experience.
These smaller differences among "newer" psychologists have been observed
in other survey results (Wicherski, Washington, and Kohout, 2004). The largest
gender discrepancy in favor of men is evidenced in the 15-19 years and 25-29
years of work experience categories.
Table 15.B contains salary data by sex, years
of experience, and employment position. Similarly, with few exceptions, the
salaries of men exceed those reported by women.
In Table 15.C, salaries are reported by years
of experience and race/ethnicity. Differences among the median salaries do
exist, although they do not appear to be substantive.
Salary data are displayed by years of experience and minority status in Table
15.D. Median salaries for minority and white psychologists do not differ
greatly.
(back to table of contents)
Doctoral-level Salaries for Selected
Positions, Regions, Cities, and States
The previous sections have presented national data on the salaries/net
incomes of doctoral-level and master's-level respondents who report full-time
employment. This section provides geographic breakdowns of doctoral-level salaries. Table
16.A presents data on median salaries and median years since the doctorate
by geographic region and position. All full-time respondents were categorized
into regions on the basis of zip code. Numbers are less than the totals for
each region because respondents may be missing data on salary, position, or
employment setting.
The category of "independent practice" includes licensed psychologists who
are involved in individual, group, or medical-psychological group practices.
Faculty positions in universities are limited to those who identify their primary
employment setting as psychology departments, education departments, business
departments or schools, or other academic units located in universities. "Faculty
in other settings" includes those in other academic settings such as research
centers, four- and two-year colleges, and medical schools. Medical school faculty
typically are paid on an 11-12-month basis. The academic-year (9-10-month)
medians given in Table 16.A can be converted
to their calendar-year equivalents by multiplying by 11/9.
The data in this table should not be applied to an individual salary or setting
but should be used only in making very general comparisons among the different
regions and positions. This is because the median salaries may be affected
by factors such as gender, year of degree, years of experience, employment
setting, subfield of degree, and cost of living in a specific area. To illustrate
one of these factors, years of experience has been provided for each category
and region.
Table 16.B and Table
16.C present data on the median salaries of doctoral-level faculty
in university settings and for licensed doctoral-level psychologists involved
in the delivery of direct human services in independent practice settings.
Salaries for these two tables are presented by selected metropolitan areas.
Inclusion of a city in Table 16.B first hinged
on its availability in the Inter-City Cost of Living Index report produced
by the American Chamber of Commerce Researcher’s Association (ACCRA) and then
on a sufficient number of responses from that city. Both adjusted median salary
and actual salary are reported, as is the size of the group on which the salary
is based. The adjusted salary data for this table were based on urban area
index data from the second quarter of 2003. This index measures and reports
prices for consumer goods and services for cities that supply this information. Table
16.C includes those metropolitan areas for which the cost of living
indices were unavailable but had a sufficient number of responses from each
city. Therefore, given that the salaries in Table
16.C are not adjusted for regional differences in cost of living, caution
should be exercised when interpreting these salaries.
Similarly, Table 16.D provides data on the
median salaries of doctoral-level university faculty and for licensed doctoral-level
independent practitioners involved in direct human service by state. Those
states with fewer than 10 respondents were excluded. This table also does not
account for regional differences in cost of living. Hence, state-by-state comparisons
should be made with this in mind.
(back to table of contents)
American Chamber of Commerce Researchers Association. (2003). ACCRA
cost of living index (ISSN 0740-7130). Arlington, VA: ACCRA.
Human Resources Research Organization. (2005, March 31). 2003 Income and
employment survey results for the Society for Industrial and Organizational
Psychology. Retrieved June 17, 2005, from http://www.siop.org/salary%20survey2003.0305.pdf
Kohout, J. & Wicherski, M. (2004). 2001 Doctorate employment survey.
Washington, DC. American Psychological Association.
Pate, W. & Kohout, J. (2004). Report of the 2003 medical school/academic
medical center psychologists employment survey. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Thomas, A. (2002). School psychology 2000: Average salary data [Electronic
version]. Communiqué, 28, (6).
Wicherski, M., Washington, T., & Kohout, J. (2004). 2003-2004 Faculty salaries
in graduate departments of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
(back to table of contents)
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